Pension Plans in the United States After Retirement

Pension plans are one of the key methods to successfully saving for retirement in the United States, and though the government does not require businesses to provide such plans to its employees, it does offer generous tax breaks to companies that establish and contribute to pensions for their employees. In recent years, defined contribution plans and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) have become the norm in terms of small businesses, self-employed individuals, and freelance workers. These monthly set amounts, which may or may not be matched by the employer, are self-managed by the employees in their personal savings accounts. The primary method of regulating pension plans in the United States, though, comes from its Social Security program, which benefits anyone who retires after the age of 65, depending on how much one invests over the course of his or her life. Federal agencies ensure that these benefits are met by every employer in the U.S. Are Businesses Required to Offer Pension Plans? There are no laws that require businesses to offer their employees pension plans, however, pensions are regulated by several governing agencies in the United States, which largely helps define what benefits larger businesses must offer their employees — like health care coverage. The  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Department of State  website details that the federal governments tax collection agency, the Internal Revenue Service, sets most rules governing pension plans, and a Labor Department agency regulates plans to prevent abuses. Another federal agency, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, ensures retiree benefits under traditional private pensions; a series of laws enacted in the 1980s and 1990s boosted premium payments for this insurance and stiffened requirements holding employers responsible for keeping their plans financially healthy. Still, the Social Security program is the greatest way in which the United States government requires businesses to offer their employees long-term pensions options — a just reward for working a full career before retirement. Federal Employee Benefits: Social Security Employees of the  federal government—including  members  of the military and civil service as well as disabled  war  veterans—are offered several types of pension plans, but the most important government-run program is Social Security, which is available after a person retires at or above the age of 65. Although run by the Social Security Administration, the funds for this program come from payroll taxes paid by both employees and employers. In recent years, however, it has come under scrutiny as the benefits received upon retirement  only cover a portion of the income needs of its recipient. Especially because of the retirement of many of the post-war  baby-boom generation early in the 21st century, politicians feared the government wouldnt be able to pay all its obligations without increasing taxes or decreasing benefits for retirees. Managing Defined Contribution Plans and IRAs In recent years, many companies have switched over to what is known as defined contribution plans wherein the employee is given a set amount as part of their salary and is thus tasked with managing their own personal retirement account. In this type of pension plan, the company is not required to contribute to the savings fund of its employee, but many choose to do so based on the result of the employees contract negotiation. In any case, the employee is responsible for managing his or her salary allotment intended for retirement savings. Although it is not difficult to set up a retirement fund with a bank in an Individual Retirement Account (IRA), it can be daunting for self-employed and freelance workers to actually manage their investments into a savings account. Unfortunately, the amount of money these individuals have available at retirement entirely depends on how they invest their own earnings.

Getting the Best Freud Essay Topics

Getting the Best Freud Essay Topics Freud Essay Topics Ideas Write an essay to convince your principal your idea is one that needs to be adopted. Deciding upon the correct topic can help you ensure a stress free means of essay writing. Adhere to the essentials of simple learning. Narrow your choices to some topics, and then brainstorm for a couple of minutes about each topic. Many of Freuds contributions can be seen in crucially important troubles. When you're writing this essay, your primary focus is going to be to supply the reader vast info about this issue under discussion. Don't neglect to write together with your students. Whatever They Told You About Freud Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why For example, somebody might want to drink but he or she might not have any drink available. Every one of the 3 issues should act as a separate heading in your letter. Cognitive research may include such practical applications as the techniques to create the memory better, or to boost decision making procedure, and others. The intention of a persuasive speech isn't just to present your suggestions and beliefs to the academic audience, but also to make others accept your perspective. It's only three unique characteristics of the whole brain, and not three distinct components. The brain isn't cut into three distinct structures. The procedure for sleep starts with the human body's signal that sleep is necessary, this signal is realized while the brain releases a neurochemical substance. The identification procedure is important. The True Meaning of Freud Essay Topics In comparison the id isn't as proficient of such elevated levels of consideration. Put simply, if there is not any way to disprove a theory's findings, it can't be scientific, and should the observations lead you to more insight about the topic that could be proven with specific effects, then you are in possession of a true scientific theory. Once you choose a topic, you must reply to the query and after that substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. Think of some arguments to back up your opinion. This paper will make an effort to research and explain all these methods in full. It is wise to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical prices. With FreeEssayHelp you'll find hundreds of Freud essay topics in a matter of many seconds. Alongside the topics, you'd come across loads of papers at no cost. Additional Freud's father died four decades before the publication. Oedipus is a clear case of this. Freuds is accountable for a number of theories still used today. In reality, Freud's theory of personality is among the fundamental theories of modern-day psychology. Even though it's good known it is besides considered among the most controversial theories. Freud questions the worth of religious ideas. The ego's major function is to receive things done, especially in regards to satisfying the demands of the id and society. Thus, the experience of a person is important for the formation of her or his personality. The third part is ego that is represented by someone's conscience mind. Defense mechanisms are extremely healthy for an individual's psyche provided that they aren't abused. Ego defenses aren't necessarily unhealthy because you can see by the examples above. Ego defense-mechanisms are thought to be maladaptive when they become the predominant way of coping with stressors. After the ego can't satisfy the requirements of both the ID and the superego it may get overwhelmed. The super ego represents the correct and wrongs, the positive and negative of the society to every individual above their lifetime. The capacity to share something from your head is certainly a plausible act. The first thing you've got to do is think of a topic that you wish to right about. The Id is often irrelevant to the reality because somebody may want something that's unachievable at this time. One of the most frequent reasons people start looking for assistance with essay writing is they realize they're running out of time. The end result is that the personality of the individual gets infected and they can't function properly in society. Not infrequently, the person induces the very feelings in others which were first mistakenly thought to be there, making it tough to clarify who did what to whom first. That is why a number of the things an individual says unintentionally are nicknamed Freudian slips. At times, the ego has a hard time satisfying both the id and the superego, but it doesn't need to do so without help. The True Meaning of Freud Essay Topics Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. When you learn to compose an essay of this sort, it's going to be very helpful to you all through your college years. The major aim of cognitive psychology is to investigate in what way the individuals acquire, process and store knowledge and data. The sexual needs expressed in the preceding stages are repressed and the little one starts to concentrate on the reality principle.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1545 Words

Since the creation of mankind, nature has provided us with the resources to survive by providing humans with food and shelter, which is why humans view nature as a home. In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character Huck tries to escape to the north with a runaway slave named Jim. While in nature, they learn how to trust each other and develop their own opinions instead of following what society believes is right. In Emerson’s short essay, â€Å"Nature†, Emerson describes nature as a place in which it provides protection from all calamities and disgraces. While in nature, he’s able to become relaxed and peaceful. In William Cullen Bryant’s poem, â€Å"Thanatopsis,† Bryant writes that although everyone will eventually die, death shouldn’t be feared, but instead embraced. While nature does bring death, it also provides care and a sanctuary, which clears our dark thoughts away. Although nature can often b ring sadness, it ultimately provides a hideaway from society; therefore, people should preserve nature because we rely on it. One way nature is valued as sanctuary is shown by how it can be used as an escape from society and its norms. For example, in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain uses the characterization of Huck to reveal how he escaped society and how that allowed him to be his true natural self. At one point in the story, Huck and Tom have a conversation about Tom’s past life before becoming a runaway slave, and that’s when Huck realizedShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each chara cter. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to say just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly w ith his readers. During the story

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1193 Words

In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, colors are one of the most important details in the book. Throughout the story Fitzgerald cleverly uses colors in order to focus on specific themes and characters. He wrote this book in a way where one can read it for pleasure, and where one could analyze it and truly appreciate the work that he has put into this book. Every color has a specific meaning which correlates with each of the characters. Specifically, gold represents wealth, high class, selfishness, and relationships; while white represents honesty, purity, innocence, and a symbol for surrendering. It has been said that the eyes are the window to the soul. Therefore, the soul can be defined as the quintessence of a specified quality. Tom and Daisy Buchanan, a wealthy couple located in the urbane East Egg live in a house filled with golden windows, â€Å"...The front was broken by a line of French windows, glowing now with reflected gold...â€Å" (6). Throughout the book it is evident that one’s wealth (or â€Å"gold†) is displayed through their home. It is also evident that the soul of a house is distinguished by its windows; and through the windows, one is able to see the condition of the house and the types of people living in that house. â€Å"I came to a small rectangle of light which I guessed was the pantry window†¦ Daisy and Tom were sitting opposite each other at the kitchen table†¦ They weren’t happy†¦ there was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy† (144-145). In this quoteShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fit zgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Analysis of Commercial and Corporation Law

Question: Describe about the commercial and corporation law. Answer: Introduction Historically, the High Court in the United Kingdom established and adopted the law of equity as a part of its extraordinary jurisdiction which was only used when the judges felt that the traditionally used common law remedy is not capable of providing a suitable and appropriate relief in certain cases[1]. Thus, the law of equity was considered as a modern law in nature which was applied in Courts to supplement the traditional common law. Very soon, the rules and doctrines under the law of equity was globally accepted and recognized and used in many cases where law of equity provided more appropriate relief and prevented a wrongdoer from escaping penalties and punishments due to loopholes in the common law. The basic concept behind law of equity is to prohibit a defendant from engaging in any unconscionable conduct which the common law system allows. Law of equity is widely used globally in law of contracts and many a times Courts have ignored the law of contracts and given relief app lying principles of law of equity like estoppel and unjust enrichment and unconscionable conduct. The judges when applying law of equity to contract case laws, most of the times go against the normal course of law to provide remedy which would not be possible if the common law of contracts was applied to case laws. There are many case laws where law of equity is applied over and above common law and the summary of such cases are mentioned below[2]. Critical Analysis A popular Australian contract case law called the Waltons Stores Interstate Ltd v Maher (1998) 164 CLR 387 is a perfect example of how the Courts used law of equity to grant an appropriate relief to the plaintiff ignoring what the common law of contracts states[3]. In the said case Waltons contracted with the Maher to lease a property owned by them on the condition that Mahers would demolish the existing building and construct a new building according to the specifications of the Waltons. The solicitors of Maher sent the lease agreement along with the specifications of modifications and certain changes were discussed. The final draft of agreement was signed by Maher and sent to Waltons who delayed signing the contract. In the meanwhile, Maher informed Waltons about the commencement of demolishing the present building, however after approximately 40% of the new building was constructed according the specifications confirmed by Waltons, the Waltons withdraw from signing the lease contr act. The doctrine of promissory estoppels under the law of equity was used to provide remedy in the said case as the majority of the judges in the said case felt that although a formal contract was not signed by Waltons and Mahers, it was totally justified on Mahers part to assume that the signing of contracts is just a formality in the said case. Thus, the judges stated that Maher can rely on promissory estoppels[4]. In Australia, promissory estoppels can be used by a promisee to bring about action when a promisor makes a promise, promisor creates assumptions that the promise will be formed or the contract will be signed eventually, promise relies on the said assumption and incurs losses. Thus, in the said rule makes the promisors conduct unconscionable in case he ignores the promise. Thus, in the said case, the law of equity is to be applied as relying on common also of contract would suggest that the contract was not formally signed between Maher and Waltons and the lack of considerati on and consent. However, the said application would make the remedy unjust and allow Waltons to engage in unconscionable conduct[5]. Thus, the said case explains clearly the importance of law of equity and how it can be used to rescue a plaintiff and punish a defendant who engages in unconscionable conduct which the common law of contract would allow. Applying common law of contract in the said case would suggest that no formal contract between the parties Maher and Waltons making Waltons escape liability of the unconscionable conduct. However, the doctrine of promissory estoppels under the law of equity was used to grant relief to Maher and punish the unconscionable conduct of Waltons in the said case. In the Bell Group Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation, the problem arose with the issue of bonds by Bell Group. A Netherlands company of Bell group issued bonds with the objective of on-loaning the money it raised to the Bell Group. The said transactions were made by debit journal entries in the loan account of the Bell Group and with the Netherlands bell group company[6]. The transaction was without proper documentation and agreement. The loan was received at a time Bell Group was indebted from the Bank, who transferred funds to the Group on no security. In 1990, Bank decided to extend loan in exchange of security and guarantee against few assets of the Group. Eventually, bank realized the said assets of about $283 million. Thus, in the said case, the judge stated that the doctrine of promissory estoppels is used to protect a party from the losses that will follow from the said partys change in position in case the assumption or expectation that created the change were to be considered baseless and ignored[7]. Thus, in the said case, the conduct of the bank was considered unconscionable and doctrine of promissory estoppels under the equity law was applied to provide appropriate remedy. Additionally, in Commercial Bank v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 again the Australian Courts relied on law of equity to reach to a just and an appropriate remedy. In the said case, Amadios signed a mortgage loan to secure their sons loan for the Commercial Bank of Australia. They were old with very few knowledge of English language and were not told about the details of the mortgage including the fact that their liability under it is unlimited. The bank manager dealing with the Amadios was also aware of their sons financial position but choose to not disclose the same. Thus, the Courts in the said case applied the law of equity to remedy the Amadios and prohibit the bank from procuring the mortgage[8]. The relief on grounds of unconscionable conduct is usually awarded when a party makes unconscionable use of his superior power or position in a said case causing the other party who suffers from special disadvantage to suffer losses or be placed in a position of disadvantage. Thus, this equity principle was applied in the said case and the Court stated that Amadios were derived to have any independent understanding of the mortgage contract and it was unconscionable conduct on part of the Bank to not explain and advice them about the said mortgage contract especially when the bank manager was aware of the financial position of their son. Thus, as Amadios suffered from special disadvantage and the judge in the said case is allowed to use his discretion to apply law of equity to provide the plaintiff with appropriate solution ignoring the contract law setting aside the valid contracts and refusing to grant specific performance[9]. In Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) v Lux Distributors Pty Ltd, the sales team of Lux Pty Ltd arranged for a free maintenance check of the current vacuum cleaner in the household of an elderly woman. When the representative of the said company arrived, he failed to tell the woman that he was there to actually sell the vacuum cleaner of Lux Pty Ltd. The presentation of the new vacuum cleaner lasted from more than an hour creating pressure on the consumer to buy it. Thus, the Court held that the said company engaged in unconscionable conduct while selling vacuum cleaner. In the said case law of equity was used to protect consumer from wrongful conduct[10]. Conclusion It is clear from the cases discussed above that common law at times fails to remedy a particular situation and the judges have to use their discretion to apply law of equity and provide an appropriate and just remedy. As there is no established rule as to when law of equity is to be applied, judges discretion has to be relied on which makes the application of the already unprincipled law of equity even more uncertain and loose[11]. However, the importance of law of equity cannot be ignored even when one has to agree about the uncertainty it creates in legal system both in its applicability along with creating doubts about the certainty of many common laws. Applying law of equity sometimes is inferred as loopholes in common law which makes common law uncertain too depending on the law of equity. However, recognition is given to the law of equity as its presence completes the system of law which places justice above all. Thus, it is important that judges give justice paramount importan ce while dealing with cases and applying their discretion when to apply law of equity. Thus, law of equity along with common law has to be balanced by judges to reach to appropriate justice[12]. Bibliography Anson, William Reynell, et al.Anson's law of contract. Oxford University Press, 2010. Campbell, Joseph Charles. "Waltons v. Maher: History, Unconscientiousness and Remedy-The'Minimum Equity'."Journal of Equity7.3 (2013): 171-208. Guirguis, Ayman, and Alistair Newton. "Consumer law: Consumer watchdog wins unconscionable conduct appeal."Law Society Journal: the official journal of the Law Society of New South Wales51.10 (2013): 44. Harris, Daniel.Equitable estoppel in the 21st Century: Revisiting the lessons of Waltons Stores V Maher. Diss. Murdoch University, 2014. Jerker, Dan, and B. Svantesson. "'Unconscionability'in consumer ecommerce."Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia25.1 (2011): 8. Langford, Rosemary Teele. "The Fiduciary Nature of the Bona Fide and Proper Purposes Duties of Company Directors: Bell Group Ltd (In Liq) v Westpac Banking Corp (No 9)." (2013). PACE, NINA. "The Changing Face of Estoppel in Equity." Rajapakse, Pelma Jacinth. "Unconscionable or unfair dealing in asset-based lending in Australia." (2015).

Intellectual Cultural Context Of Literature â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Intellectual Cultural Context Of Literature? Answer: Introducation In this assignment the originality of the play by hypothetically imagining all scenes is put forth to get an understanding of the original text, its themes, narrative structure and characters. Also one can get an understanding of the dramatic style of the play. So here the character Sunny who is the heroine of the play The World of Extreme Happiness might seem to have a cheerful nature at times along with the bitter irony has been noticed in this stress young woman who is an odyssey but appears to be a modern Chinese woman where she carries a load of such confident name (Sambrook, 2014). In this play the various techniques and conventions that are used in the drama are introduced both in terms of on screen and on stage. Here the texts have been taken from the theatre along with the cinema. The text that has been selected will be describing the diversified forms of drama that is ranging from the time of different periods and also including the styles. The styles such as modernist Europe, America in the twentieth century, Australia at the present day, New Zealand, the ancient Greece, and the Renaissance England are included (Clark, Andrew Claudia, 2014). Here in this drama, it can be noticed that some of the texts of the theatre are paired up with the screen productions of the similar drama where the characters are described with originality. During the course of the drama the performance of the characters in the drama is highlighted by giving an extreme comparison of the various kinds of approaches made on screen and also on stage. Many different types of issues are also addressed in this drama which gives the artistic aim of the story. It includes, adaptation, translation, and representation of characters, the metatheatricality of the play along with self-reflexivity (Castillo, 2014). The story begins with the drama of Frances-Ya-Chu Cowhig which has the opening scene in the Manhattan theatre club production which will begin with a note of forbidding humor. This scene was directed on Xiao Li the young women in the pain of labor who will be cursing her child who is not born yet by crying out for a relief. From both male and female characters of the drama one can find the explosions of vulgarity which will be giving the impression that a particular pleasure is taken by Chinese parents in profanity (Thaler, 2016). In Cowhigs play among the central themes the wide range difference that is shown between the treatment given to men and women in China is described in the narrative structure. This play took place mostly two decades later in the year 2011 and 2012. More particularly and finely the drama of Cowhigs anatomizes the inequalities that are seen in the contemporary china is described. The individuals who have read regarding the cultural and economic trends at pres ent day China will find none of the above mentioned structure to be relevant to anyone in the drama. The challenges that are faced by the women at work place in China has been described with the originality scenes by giving the creative thoughts to the play (De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel, et al, 2013). The narrative play The title of the play The World of Extreme Happiness is the drama of Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig which is very interesting, but a defective play regarding the considerable social change in China. This play is found to be beyond the irony. The play is about a girl named Sunny. Scene: This play has begun at the Manhattan theatre club in Chicago, where it is found that no one is happy except the girl who is newly born in the opening scene smiles after she gets stuck in the bucket of pig slop (Exton et al.,2015). Xio Li: With the labor pains, Xiao Li will be crying out for relief and curses the unborn child continuously. Li Han: Husband of Xio Li , has a raunchy conversation with the fellow villager completely different from the actual scene occurring over there that is in contrary to his wifes suffering. The indifference of Li turns out into an irritation when soon after he comes to know that his wife has given birth to a baby girl again. Li miserably says to his midwife - child is only a baby boy. A girl is considered to be a thing. Li continues imagining the situation in such a way that- in just a similar way how a thing is indicated as a negligible one I feel the same reaction when i opened the bucket that is kept near me I could see the newborn is kept inside (Helliwell et al., 2015). Out of anger Li, the father of the child spits in the bucket and walks away from that place. By this scene, it can be understood the vast difference in the treatment given to men and women in China. Xiao: In a miserable tone tells of her baby girl that, dont you know how the lives of the girls are here. It is full of unhappiness. Xiao: The child is named as sunny after she gets her from the unexpected fatherly affection which has rescued the baby from being killed. The fate of the child is implied in the scene (Helliwell et al., 2017). The similar fate can be seen in the four previously born girl child to the couple. However, the life of sunny tolerates this blunt truth. In the year 2011 and 2012, the play has taken place which was a couple of decades later. During this time the government has taken the decision of relocating the rural peasants to cities. This is because they can get the opportunities of working in some flourishing factories. (By this, the sunny named Jennifer Lim): Im brushed and placed in Shenzhen, which is the industrial wealth. As the days go on in the factory (Sunny) I keep making little money by cleaning the bathrooms. I am having the hopes of advancing the factory, but those are taunted by the Old Lao who is my supervisor. He states to me that always keep your ambitions low and your prospects lower. By the encouragement given to me by my co-worker named Ming-Ming, the fortunes of mine took a good turn. Sunny: I would attend the rallies that are directed by a man named Mr. Destiny. The main theme of these rallies is preaching for the transformation of life of even the lowest worker by having the positive working and determined will (Oswald et al.,2015). Sunny: I always determined to earn a promotion so that i will be able to send more amount of money to my parents in the village. Sunny (in mind): By doing so I can keep my younger brother named Pete in school. For this I need to get a promotion and for that I owe out for a sexual favor for the supervisor who grants me and gives me a promotion. Factory owerners: The owners of the factory, namely Artemis Chang and James Lin roughly at the same time along with the Vice President of the supply chain of the stores which will be selling the products of the factory are in search of a candidate for shooting a documentary. This plan is made to polish the reputation of the company in the media. There are many stories and rumors that have spread about the company regarding the outbreaks of the suicides. They wanted to change this hope by narrating the company by finding out the model worker who will be presenting the company to the public with her happy face. Sunny who is newly promoted seems to be the perfect choice for their documentary (Pet, 2017). In this drama, the inequalities of life in the contemporary China have been clearly and particularly presented. So in the play, James and Artemis in their shiny corporate suites symbolize the new industrial classes of the country. They say about how they have been benefitted from the open policies of the government towards the development of the economy. James says that, forty years before there was no particular economic zone. It was just the country people, dirt, and rice. Over every generation compared to the people lived in the village more number of people works in my factory (Sambrook, 2014). Hoping that, we should keep our shareholders satisfied and customers happy and stopping out workers from committing suicide. Artemis: Later Artemis adds that as they get into the partnership and plans for the PR blitz this has to continue. Underneath this is workers are grind and the days are longer while the pay being low and their anxiety spreads in the form of the virulent disease. In todays china, none of the above-mentioned traits would be relevant if they have read about the trends of economy and culture. The dark history of the country is narrated in the play where the inside references to the Cultural Revolution are squeezed by Ms. Cowhig when Artemis finds herself in the situation of defending her relationship with the relatives that are dead who have been caught in it (Thaler,2016). The play at times appears to have a close resemblance with the dramatized discourse over the countrys pathologies. The primary thing that relates is the brutal lives that are faced by the workers of the factory particularly emphasizing on the people who have relocated themselves from the rural areas and the ones treated disrespectfully by the urban dwellers. Here the sympathy is naturally the trouble of sunny but with no delicacy, this is pointed in the play and also the main characters are shown with minimum depth (Sambrook, 2014). References The play fits extremely from the satirical to the sincere structure from the political to the personal level and of course from comic to incredibly tragic. Clark, Andrew E., and Claudia Senik, eds. Happiness and Economic Growth: Lessons from Developing Countries. Studies of Policy Reform, 2014. Castillo, M. "A call to action: maintain your happiness, be generous!." (2014): 1447-1448. De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel, et al. "The Objective Benefits of Subjective Well-Being. In Helliwell, J., Layard, R., Sachs, J., eds. World Happiness Report 2013." Social Science Research Network (2013). Exton, Carrie, Conal Smith, and Damien Vandendriessche. "Comparing happiness across the world: Does culture matter?." OECD Statistics Working Papers 2015.4 (2015): 0_1. Helliwell, John F., Haifang Huang, and Shun Wang. "The geography of world happiness." World happiness report (2015): 12-41. Helliwell, John F., Haifang Huang, and Shun Wang. "The Social Foundations of World Happiness." WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2017 (2017): 8. Oswald, Andrew J., Eugenio Proto, and Daniel Sgroi. "Happiness and productivity." Journal of Labor Economics 33.4 (2015): 789-822. Pet, Donald. World Peace in Three Years or Less... or Else!: HereS Help: Happiness, Enough, Love, and Peace. iUniverse, 2017. Sambrook, James. The eighteenth century: the intellectual and cultural context of English literature 1700-1789. Routledge, 2014. Thaler, Engelbert. Teaching English Literature. UTB, 2016.

System Thinking and Sustainability for Pillars- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSystem Thinking and Sustainability for Social Pillars. Answer: This essay discusses the problem of food waste more specifically in the United States or America and generally all over the world. This essay focuses on the systems thinking approach to face this fast increasing problem so that it can help in attaining sustainability within a limited time. Systems thinking is a methodology to the assimilation which is grounded on the particular certainty that the other constituent parts if the system can act contrarily when remain secluded from the environment of the systems or other part of the systems (Mulligan 2014). The global food systems are not at all sustainable. Despite the fact that everyone knows this problem, the interventions of the individuals or the associated organizations. This essay focuses on the household food waste issue as the vital problem of attaining sustainability. Most people in the USA do not realize how much amount of food they waste everyday through uneaten leftovers or spoiled produces. As the data reveals that 95% of f ood waste in America is thrown away, ends up as combustion facilities or in the landfills. By following systems thinking, food sustainability can be managed and food waste can be reduced. This study will discuss the features of the problem, stages of systems thinking and the economic, environmental and social pillars of sustainability. The production as well as loss of food from the human food chain has substantial impact on the earth. Food can be lost as well as wasted at every stages of its value chain. Starting from the production, wastage occur when the crops do not meet the yield potential due to the factors like nutrients, proper weather conditions and diseases. Food waste in the house hold has been a burning problem in the USA (Haines 2016). Almost half of the food produced in the country is destined for the landfills. The data reveals that the people of this particular country throw away billions of pounds of food every year which worth billions of dollars. These thrown away foods can be enough to feed millions of people. According to the researchers, the culture of America has a thrown away culture. The total food waste in a year is of 2000 calories diet that can serve 84% of the population. Hence this culture is costing money, time as well as environment. Wasted food has become very important point at thi s this moment because it is not only affecting the economy but wasting the resources and potential nutrients which can make others life better (Planh.ca 2018). This is the reason why the systems thinking approach can be a potent way to go deeper to this problem and attain sustainability. In order to understand the issues and results of food waste, the reason of food waste in America needs to be judged. According to the study, the people has a throwing away culture but people are throwing food away with good intension. Behind this action they believe that foods are unsafe when they appear fresh. Secondly, the data published in National Resources Defense Council have disclosed the fact that the people of America simply throw away their foods simply as they feel confused about the food expiration date (Nrdc.org 2018). Thirdly, the fresh foods like fruits, vegetables and sea foods are the most common objects for waste because of inefficient purchase planning. Fourthly, some households are more health conscious hence do not manage food rather through them away. Fifthly, the unavailability of proper kitchen skills can increase food waste (Block et al. 2016). This issue of food waste can be seen from different economic and social aspects. The psychology of the upper class p eople of the country is the most important factor. These people buy more and cook more so also waste more food than others. The young generation of America is the highest producer of food waste. Their food habits and preference sharply contrast food management concerns (Papargyropoulou et al. 2014). In order to understand the concept of systems thinking, there are some essential principles. First of all, the systems are composed of interrelated parts where change in some part affects can influence the whole system. The systems behavior greatly depends on each of their parts. It is difficult to predict as it has a constantly changing nature. Systems thinking has six step to follow in solving complicated problems. Firstly, in order to solve the problem one must understand the issues which can be attained through looking intensely at the entire system rather than the individual part. This needs conference with the stakeholders for sharing their visualization about the situation. The most important tool to build understanding is the utilization of concept maps. These are graphical tool which represent the construction of knowledge (Cicatiello et al 2016). Secondly, people often get influenced with the current situation while thinking about the problem. This situation reflects on the analysis and food time dimension. The behaviors over time graph shows a specific behavior through time. Thirdly, after understanding the issues and analyzing them one need to have a clear visualization about problem solving procedure, this is defined in a form of statement to indicate the target of the teams and the reason of the problems. Fourthly, based on the vision, a system structure must be developed. This will include behaviors patterns which will help in understanding more issues about the problem and can be formed as system archetype. Fifthly, after defining this problem, as well as the system structure, going deeper tends to understanding the fundamental problems through expounding four items. These items are purpose of system, mental models, large system as well as personal role in this situation. The final part of this process requires collection of data. For developing the intervention stage, it is necessary to collect data where modifications to the existing problem, relates parts of the connections (Koch, Helmreich and Drewes 2015). This intervention phase attempts to reach the expected behavior. The pillars of sustainability basically depend on the three factors which are connected with one another. These three factors are social, economic and environmental. These factors are conceptual management tools that can provide perceptive concepts of sustainability. Most of the national as well as international problem solving efforts can focus on one of these three pillars at a time. For instance, the United Nations Environmental Programsfocuse on the environmental pillar and World Trade Organizationfocuses on the economic aspects and ins some cases the social sustainability. The household waste of food has an intense effect on these tree pillars of sustainability (Nrdc.org 2018). According to the analysis of the Food and Agriculture Organization, has revealed the fact that 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted each year and straight go to the landfills. This is however simply unsustainable. In this correct situation, the resulting economic loss per year is more than 900 billion in th e world which can easily feed eight million people for one year (Thinkeatsave.org 2018). According the data of FAO, the land devoted to be filled with wasted food, can form a second largest country in the earth (Planh.ca 2018). Moreover, this wasted food accounts 8% of dangerous emissions. In case of America, 40% food loss happens after harvesting and at the time of processing (Thinkeatsave.org 2018). In the developed country like the USA, the waste largely caused by the retailers as well as the consumers. The biggest challenges here include consumer awareness, creative alternatives, efficient operations and interest for conservation. From the social perspective, it can be said that this issues expend beyond economic and the environmental impact related to excess usage of natural resources as well as emissions. According to data, more than 45 millions of Americans, of which 15 million are children lived in the food insecure households (Epa.gov 2018). As the wealth gap is high in the country, the low income group or communities suffer from hunger. One class of people in the society is wasting food and others remain hungry due to proper distribution of food. The health consciousness is one of the chief reasons why the food wastage is far increasing. Thus food wastage has become a social issue which can only be reduced by the initiatives like retail food donation by different non-governmental organizations and discount stores. Through these means, the government can combat food insecurity and reach people who are in need. Wasting 1.4 billion foods each year has cause hue economic losses in one hand and creating scope for increasing needless hunger in a same country. Beside this, there are climatic issues which is deeply connected with the food wastage issue. According to the report of the FAO, the impact of food wastage in America has similar features of the global food wastage that looks specifically at its consequences for climate land and water use (Thyberg and Tonjes 2016). The report states the carbon footprint of the food produced but not consumed are estimated at more than 3 billion tons of harmful greenhouse gases. Each time the food is wasted, all the resources which went into producing, packaging processing and transporting get wasted as well. Thus huge amount of energy, chemicals, fertilizers land and fresh water in the country are used for producing that food get wasted. In addition to this, most of the uneaten food, which rots in the countrys landfills, accounts more than 25% of total mytheme emissions in the US. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas which is 21 time more dangerous than that of CO2. Before throwing ways the food, it should be kept in mind that the government of the country spends 10% of energy budget for serving ready food in the table. It uses 50% of land of the country and utilizes 80% of the freshwater in the USA (Thwink.org 2018). Only 3% of total food craps in the country can be composed and the rest of the food scarps have no use in the environment. About 2/3 of the of the food spoilage is due to late usage or expiration and 1/3 is waste due to excessive cooking. This involves waste of fresh water used in cooking. The production of a single glass of orange juice needs 45 gallons of water. Wheat consumes 12 % of the total global water use for producing crop. The Americans waste approximately 18% of grains each year (Thwink.org 2 018). Including this, wasting cooked food wastes fuel and energy. Wasting cooked food means emission of 14% greenhouse gases in the United States which are associated with manufacturing, growing and disposing of food. By reducing wasted food people of America will have a lot of social economic and environmental benefits. Saving food saves money as wasting of food needs more buying of food. By reducing food waste, the households of the country will reduce the emission of methane and other greenhouse gases. This will reduce amount of landfills and lower the carbon emission. Proper process reducing food wastage prevents pollution involving in the producing, manufacturing, processing and transporting reads food. The programs like zero food waste and retail food donation can privilege the needy communities. The initiatives to provide untouched food which would have wasted may solve food problems in these communities permanently. Thus, the business and consumers can save money in one hand and provide a bridge in the communities needing food thus conserve resources for the future generation also. Therefore, it can be concluded that systems thinking approach is one of the most important way to face the growing issue of household food waste in the developed country like the US. The unawareness about the problems of food waste and its result can affect the economy, society and environment of the country. The systems thinking approach helps in going deeper for analysing the issues to be resolved. Therefore, it is essential to take immediate initiatives for dealing with the problem along with reducing the ratio of household food waste. References: Block, L.G., Keller, P.A., Vallen, B., Williamson, S., Birau, M.M., Grinstein, A., Haws, K.L., LaBarge, M.C., Lamberton, C., Moore, E.S. and Moscato, E.M., 2016. The squander sequence: understanding food waste at each stage of the consumer decision-making process.Journal of Public Policy Marketing,35(2), pp.292-304. Cicatiello, C., Franco, S., Pancino, B. and Blasi, E., 2016. The value of food waste: An exploratory study on retailing.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,30, pp.96-104. Epa.gov (2018).Reducing Wasted Food At Home | US EPA. [online] US EPA. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-wasted-food-home [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Haines, S., 2016.The systems thinking approach to strategic planning and management. CRC Press. Koch, K., Helmreich, B. and Drewes, J.E., 2015. Co-digestion of food waste in municipal wastewater treatment plants: effect of different mixtures on methane yield and hydrolysis rate constant.Applied Energy,137, pp.250-255. Mulligan, M 2014, An Introduction to Sustainability: Environmental, Social and Personal Perspectives, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken. Nrdc.org (2018).About Us. [online] NRDC. Available at: https://www.nrdc.org/about [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Papargyropoulou, E., Lozano, R., Steinberger, J.K., Wright, N. and bin Ujang, Z., 2014. The food waste hierarchy as a framework for the management of food surplus and food waste.Journal of Cleaner Production,76, pp.106-115. Planh.ca. (2018).Food Security Through a Systems Thinking Lens | PlanH. [online] Available at: https://planh.ca/success-stories/food-security-through-systems-thinking-lens [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Thinkeatsave.org, S. (2018).Environmental Impact of Food Waste in the US. [online] Think.Eat.Save. Reduce Your Footprint Campaign. Available at: https://www.thinkeatsave.org/index.php/be-informed/fast-facts/14-food-waste-campaign/355-environmental-impact-of-food-waste-in-the-us [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Thwink.org (2018).The Three Pillars of Sustainability. [online] Thwink.org. Available at: https://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ThreePillarsOfSustainability.htm [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Thyberg, K.L. and Tonjes, D.J., 2016. Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,106, pp.110-123.

Waiting For Godot Samuel Becketts Theatre Of The Absurd Essays

Waiting for Godot: Samuel Beckett's Theatre of the Absurd Last November, I had the opportunity to view a New York City production of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot. Unfamiliar with the genre of "Theatre of the Absurd," I spent the first 99% of the show trying to understand what was materializing on stage. It was not until the conclusion of the second act that I fully understood that nothing was happening, and that was the purpose of the play. Giving me an overall expression of the hopelessness of the human condition, Waiting for Godot, through plot, parallelism, characterization, and suicide to alleviate suffering, is a definitive example of "Theatre of the Absurd." In Theatre of the Absurd, Martin Esslin defines the word 'absurd'. Originally associated with musical dissonance, the dictionary definition of 'absurd' is "out of harmony with reason or propriety; incongruous, unreasonable, illogical." In common usage, 'absurd' may mean 'ridiculous' (Theatre of the Absurd, 5). To further understand the meaning of 'absurd', Esslin sites an essay Eugene Ionesco wrote on Kafka, "Absurd is that which is devoid of purpose? Cut off from his religious, metaphysical, and transcendental roots, man is lost; all his actions become senseless, absurd, useless" (TA, 5) Theatre of the Absurd, a great contradiction to traditional theatre, deals with themes that may seem illogical, unreasonable, useless, absurd. Esslin points out many of the discrepancies between traditional theatre and Theatre of the Absurd: "If a good play must have a cleverly constructed story, these [plays of the Absurd] have no story of plot to speak of; if a good play is judged by subtely of characterization and motivation, these are often without recognizable characters and present the audience with almost mechanical puppets; if a good play has to have a fully explained theme, which is neatly exposed and initially solved, these often have neither a beginning nor an end; if a good play is to hold the mirror up to nature and portray the manners and mannerisms of the age in finely observed sketches, these seem often to be reflections of dreams and nightmares; if a good play relies on witty repartee and pointed dialogue, these often consist of incoherent babblings" (TA, 3-4). Moreover, the plays defined by the term Theatre of the Absurd generally pursue different ends than traditional theatre, therefore, it is unfair to judge them as one would judge traditional theatre (TA, 4). "In Art," Esslin writes, "content and form are inseparable; the way an idea is expressed is an essential element in the nature of the idea itself." (Esslin, Beckett and the 'Theatre of the Absurd'" in Approaches to Teaching Beckett's Waiting for Godot, 43) Waiting for Godot has existentialist qualities, but it is not an example of purely Existentialist theatre. Unlike Existentialist theatre that simply argues about the absurdity of the human condition, the Theatre of the Absurd presents the human condition as it is, in terms of concrete stage images. One may make an analogy between Existentialist theatre and Theatre of the Absurd to the approaches of the philosopher and the poet. Like Existentialist theatre, the philosopher hypothesizes, theorizes, and comes to conclusions. Theatre of the Absurd is like the poet who, to express a given idea, paints a verbal picture (TA, 6-7). "Waiting for Godot does not tell a story; it explores a static situation" (Esslin, TA, 25). Rather than storytelling, Beckett's writing paints a verbal picture. Esslin quotes Beckett describing the plot of Waiting for Godot: "Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it's awful" (TA, 25). The plot of Waiting for Godot is certainly a contradiction from traditional theatre. Two Wretched tramps wait beside a barren twig of a tree for a mysterious figure. Vladimir strongly believes that he has an appointment with this figure named Godot, who will offer them redemption and save them from boredom. Estragon has neither the wit nor the energy to contradict, although he occasionally throws in a venomous expression of skepticism that thoroughly unnerves Vladimir. Reminiscing, reflecting, and arguing about meaningless representations of their existence, they wait. In vain, they hope that Godot will give their lives purpose and significance. (Cowell, Twelve Modern Dramatists, 113-114). Waiting for Godot implements concepts of sameness, or, parallelism to an absurd end.